Posted by annabellamush at 01:43 AM on September 30, 2005.
1.
French and Indian War: 1756 French
and Britain formally declared war,
conflicts in North America spread to colonial
possessions in the Caribbean, Pacific and India, when it widened
however
it became known as the Seven Years War, or the
Great War for the empire.
2. Albany Plan of Union: Formed amongst representatives from New England colonies, New York, Maryland and Pennsylvania in 1754 to deal with
French troops and negotiate alliances with the Iroquois. Unsucessful because
representatives self serving agendas and Iroquois angered and broke off all
proposed alliances
3. Edward
Braddock: British commander in chief Major who in 1755 met with governors
from eight colonies to plan the eviction of French from North America
4. Fort Dusquesne: French fort in Ohio Valley where Edward Braddock
set out against, annihilated by French and Indians
5. Acadians:
expelled by British troops, they dispersed into the countryside and down the St. Lawrence River, settled near New Orleans, cajuns
6. Lord
Loudon: Braddock's replacement who arrived in North America in 1756, initially he
was unsuccessful. Favored highly organized campaigns with soldier's fighting in
formation.
7. William
Pitt: The new secretary of state in late 1757 responsible for the wary
until its end in 1761. Pitt offered compromise: in return for colonial
commitment and obedience in the field, he promised reimbursements to the
assemblies in proportion to their contributions, more decntralized command of
the colonial militia, and the removal of Loudon.
8. Treaty
of Paris, 1763: Brought the Great War for Empire to an end.
Under it, French regained sugar islands Martinique and Guadeloupe in Caribbean, but lost all claim to
land east of the Mississippi River and gave Spain all French lands to the
west of the river, plus the city of New Orleans
9. Ethan
Allen: leader of Mountain Boys, aftr treaty of Paris clashed with rising
tide of migrants from New Hampshire and New york until they forged Vermont in 1777.
10. Pontiacs Rebellion: Ottawa Chief Pontiac brought together tribes
from Michigan to western New York in May 1763, and led
them to Brfitish garrisons of Fort Niagara in order to drive
Europeans
massacred over two thousand settlers in upper Michigan
11. Proclamation
of 1763: after Rebellion, acknowledgement of British politcal control over
the region, Proclamation Line also drawn extended fronm the farthest northern
tip of Maine to the southernmost
parts of Georgia
12. NC
Regulator Movement: attempted to close the county courts that heard cases
against debtors, believed taxes be levied in proportino to what the land could
grow,
not the number of acres, and beleived farmers
should be allowed to pay tazes in the goods they produced from the forests and
soil
13.
Battle of Alamance: 1770 Governor William Tyron raised large company of
eastern militia to march west against the regulators, and met at the battle of
Alamance Tyron victorious but
violence had already continued to brew and
failed at extracting oaths of allegiance to the crown from the nearly 7000 western
North Carolinian families.
Rethinking Empire 1763-1765
14. Writs of Assistance: English
officials believed that their power depended on enforcing colonial economic
obedience and political subordination. WOA permitted port collectors to inspect
ships'
holds and merchants' warehouses for illegal
goods.
15. James
Otis: a prominent lawyer from a highly reputable familiy who assailed the
writs as an invasion of private property, violated "the [unwritten]
English Constitution", Parliament disagree
16. Revenue
Act: act from secretary Lord Bute which prohibited crown appointed customs
officials from subcontracting their jobs to other men, who depended on bribes
from merchants
the act also authorized Royal Navy ship captains
to seize all British vessels trading at french islands
17. George
Grenville: 1763 new secretary, widely unpopular because attempted ot arrest
John Wilkes for seditious libel, then public demanded freedom of the press,
tried to raise taxes, landowners refused
18. Sugar Act: 1764 Grenville ministry's
extended the terms of the Revenue Act. Combined battle against smuggling with
the search for revenue. foreign sugar, molasses and rum had been taxed at
higher levels than equivalent British goods in hope of making British
commodities more competitive.
19. Currency Act: prohibited colonists from printing any more paper
money, and ordered the withdrawal of existing colonial currency from
circulation by 1769
20. Quartering Act: added by Grenville in 17675, authorized army
commanders to requisition supplies from assemblies and build barracks for
troops and quarter them in public buildings and taverns.
21. Stamp Act: in 1765 under Grenville, imposed taxes on printed items,
but also on internal commerce, the colonists daily exchanges of necessary goods
and services.
22. External Taxes: taxes on international commerce
23. Internal taxes: delegated to elected officials by free consent,
taxation on internal business and property
24. Virtual representation: The british representatives represented
"on behalf" of the colonists, but the colonists had no true voice in
Parliament
25. Patrick Henry: May 1765, call to defy Parliament
26. Virginia Resolves: Henry's interpretation that Virginians enjoyed
the privilege of British citizens, like self taxation. And that any laws
originating outside their colony did not require Virginians obedience and that
they should refuse to pay the stamp tax.
27. Loyal Nine: August 1765, in Boston group of merchants
artisans and shopkeepers who organized a mass demonstration against Andrew
Oliver
28. Andrew Oliver: Boston's colony stamp
distributor
29. Thomas Hutchinson: Lieutenant Governor of Boston, who's home was mobbed
by the Loyal Nine
30. Sons of Liberty: coalition of urban
dissenters who sought to bring together citizens throughout North America against the Stamp Act.
31. Samuel Adams: Apart of Sons of Liberty, influential
32. Stamp Act Congress: held by Sons of Liberty in October 1765, formed
the Declaration of Grievances, setting forth their ideas of the proper limits
of the British Government, they stated that Parliament did not have the rights
to tax colonists without their legislative consent.
33. Non Importation Agreements: first in October 1765, women joined
protest and hundreds of consumers in NY agreed to halt merchants’ orders for
British goods, then Boston and Philadelphia joined in
34. Lord ROckingham: 1765, replaced Grenville and he decided to repeal
stamp act, but then added the Declaratory Act,
35. Declaratory Act: a strong restatement of it's sovereign power to
"bind the colonies and people of America in all cases
whatsoever."
36. New York Suspending Act: 1767 when Parliament passed a
restraining act, suspending the assembly's activities until it supplied the
resident army regiments (?)
37. Charles Townshend: 1767 received ministry, shifted focus of
colonial taxation in two ways. First, instead of using taxes to pay war debts
and soldiers, he used them to pay salaries of colonial governors etc.
Second, Townshend assigned the taxes not to internal trade, but external.
38. Townshend Acts: a tax on imports which translated into huge
financial sacrifices for the colonists
39. Board of Customs Commissioners: Est. by Parliament, to enforce the
Townshend Duties
40. Admiralty Courts: est. by parliament in Halifax, Boston, Philadelphia, and Charlestown to hear cases of trade
violations (furthered Townshend Duties)
41. The Liberty:
42. John Dickinson: lashed out against the Townshend Duties in 1768
Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania, that argued that parliament was almost
always justified in regulating trade but never justified in raising revenue on
trade without obtaining the colonists' consent.
43. Republicanism: many colonists believed that the Townshend Duties
were part of a deeper pattern of British tyranny where parliamentary reps aimed
to deprive colonists of cherished rights and liberties. They informed that it
was not enough for the British form of gov't to stipulate certain limitations
on power and liberties, but they encroach tyranny...
44. Circular letter: Sons of Liberty sent around during 1768,
Samuel Adams sent to all colonial assemblies proposing a united plea for repeal
of the Townshend Duties and another pan colonial congress. King got ahold, then
they suspended assemblies.
45. Daughters of Liberty: Women who pledged not to use British imports
esp. tea and women of elite and middling means and professed that the greatest
threat to their individual virtue was excessive consumption of luxury goods
46. Lord North: prime ministry in 1769
47. Boston Massacre: March
5 1770 crowd and Captain Preston positioned in front of sentry,
soldiers began to fire and killed eleven citizens
48. Gaspee Incident: British Schooner came to Rhode Island, the crew arrested
colonists who violated the Sugar act, and the residents burned the Gaspee
49. Committees of Correspondence: warned neighboring colonies about
these kind of incidents, the Resistance leaders used the committees as conduits
of propaganda
50. East India Company: one of the two largest corporations in the world
that held a monopoly on English tea importation from the East Indies, bankruptcy and decided
that they needed to buy more company tea
51. Tea Act: waived the company’s obligation to pay import duties at
English ports, and permitted the company to sell tea directly to colonists
without middlemen, merchants could not compete with favoritism and low tea
prices
52. Boston Tea party: December 16 1768, about fifty men boarded
the Dartmouth and hacked forty five
tons of tea out of the wooden crates
53. Coercive Acts: 1774, Parliament responded with four coercive acts,
colonists called intolerable acts, 1. Port bill closed Boston's harbor until
the colonists paid for the ruined tea. 2. Government Act annulled the colonial
charter made upper house delegates subject to governor’s appointment, and
restricted town meetings to once a ear. 3. a New Quartering Act ordered the
colony to garrison soldiers in barracks or private homes. 4. The Administration
of Justice act (Murder Act) permitted crown officials who had been accused of
serious crimes to be tried in courts outside the mainland colonies.
54. Quebec Act: 1774, granted Canadians freedom of religion,
restored old French civil law, allowed Canadians to hold crown appointed
offices and extended the jurisdiction of Quebec's governor into the Ohio valley.
55. Day of Fasting and Prayer
56.
First Continental Congress:
1774, convened in Philadelphia, met to discuss Coercive
Acts.
57.
Suffolk Resolves: declared colonial resistance to the Coercive
Acts and announced preparations for a military defense against British tyranny
58.
Continental Association:
halted importation of British goods after December 1, 1774, and ceased exportation
of colonial commodities after September
1 1775
59. Lexington and Concord: 70
minutemen met the redcoats and thousands of Bostonians and country inhabitants
came together to seize the British garrison.
60. Breed's Hill:
Thousands of patriots fortified Breed's Hill on the north side of Boston near Charles town on June 16. They
were assaulted the next day by General William Howe's redcoats. This battle
became known as Battle of Bunker Hill, costly victory for British but Americans
began to realize their skills.
61. Ft. Ticonderoga: May 1775, Vermont's Green Mountain Boys under Ethan
Allan, Connecticut's militia led by Captain Benedict
Arnold, and Massachusetts militia surprised and captured
British garrison at Fort Ticonderoga on Lake Champlain New York.
62. Second
Continental Congress: May 1775, in Philadelphia "Confederate Colonies"
met. Reps were chosen by colonial assemblies to deliberate about matters of
mutual concern to all Americans. After Georgia hesitantly joined, 13 colonies were
represented.
63. Olive
Branch Petition: presented on July 5,
1775
by John Dickinson, a document delegates voted to send to George III affirming
colonial loyalty to the monarch, asking that British army hostilities cease,
and proposing a sincere discussion of differences.
64. Quebec Siege: in 1775, two regiments of Continental Army went to Quebec but were defeated and utter
failure. The siege was a hard lesson in warfare and sore test of republic
principles.
65. Declaration
of Independence: July 4 the twelve colonies
approved the revised draft of the Declaration of Independence. Established the
fundamental republican principles on which patriots rested their actions, Jefferson wrote about "self evident
truths" embodying the "inalienable rights" of citizens, rights
each citizen enjoyed from birth that could not be taken away by any ruling
authority. Governments obtained their just powers from the consent of the
governed, and as John Locke had taught, could be overthrown if they violated
the trust and consent of the people.
67. Adv/Disadv
to both sides:
Advantage to Militia: Home terrain,
identify and intimidate loyalist neighbors for support, "rage for
liberty"
Disadvantage for British Army: marched far
from home, served longer terms than those of militia
Disadvantage of Militia: lack of deference
for commanding officers, relatively untrained and poorly armed
Advantage for British army: better trained,
well armed
68. William
Howe: General for British army
69. Richard
Howe: Admiral Richard Howe commanded British troops
70. Battle of New York: British soldiers won stinging
victory over the Continentals in the Battle of Long Island on August 27, 1776
71. "The American Crisis":
72. Trenton:
Where George Washington launched his surprise attack on celebrating Hessians
stationed at Trenton New Jersey.
73. Princeton; Second victory on January 3 for Washington forced British evacuation of NJ.
74. Marquis
de Lafayette: French foreign volunteer who helped create an increasingly
professional continental army
75. John
Burgoyne: British General John Burgoyne "Gentleman Johnny"
marched south to troy and win control of New York, but American militiamen laid
hundreds of trees across trails starving British troops and then on October 17
patriot militias overwhelmed weary British troops, decimated British.
76.
Barry St. Leger:
77. Benedict
Arnold: marched 1000 American militiamen and Continentals gained Fort Schuyler in August 1777
78. Horatio
Gates: American General who won the Victory at Saratoga
79. Saratoga:
Victory at Saratoga when Births John Burgoyne tried to
take NY but Continental army routed them--turning point in war because
demonstrated that colonial militias and Continental Army could rout large
British forces
80.Treaty
of Amity and Commerce
81. Treaty of Alliance
82. Valley Forge: wretched winter of 1777-1778
exacerbated all the problems related to recruiting and sustaining the army. A
severe test of military endurance and civilian support, and defining moment of
the American commitment to political independence and republican character
83. Baron
von Steuben: Prussian officer committed to the American cause who trained
Continental troops in field duty and distributed a drill manual to intermediate
officers that helped prepare the rank and file for more efficient fighting.
84. Gnl.Henry
Clinton: British general pulled out of Philadelphia on North's order to concentrate
forces in NYC
85. Battle of Monmouth
Courthouse:
in NJ late June 1778, many women joined the Continentals in battle, including
Mary Ludwig Hays "Molly Pitcher"
86. Loyalist
(Tories): Patriots called Tory - an epithet that once identified die hard
defenders of absolute monarchy
87. Patriots:
88. Lord Dunmore: loyalist Virginian governor, denounced separation as
illegal and unconstitutional
89. Camp
followers: Nearly twenty thousand women, marched along with troops as
cooks, washerwomen, and nurses
90. Financing
the War: first tried to print paper money, but money lost value and
unsuccessful. Congress gave certificates to wealthy individual Americans, loan
offices, French and Dutch loans
91. State
constitution: Patriots lodged most authority in separate provinces,
therefore Americans began writing new state constitutions, 1777 they began to
reflect more conservative reasoning, and despite differences the political
culture became more democratic. Some incorporated ideals of individual rights,
suffrage, elections, officeholders, etc.
92. Egalitarianism
vs. the "natural aristocracy":
93. Articles
of Confederation: 1781- last, Maryland signed. set strict limits on the
powers of Congress, stipulated that each province would have one vote in
national assembly, each province sent 2-7 delegates to the new Confederation
Congress
94. Continentals:
patriots
95. Robert
Morris: wealthy merchant who became superintendent of finance in May 1781,
chartered first private commercial bank in America, the BNA, deposited silver, gold,
and bills loaned by Holland and France and a lot of his own money, and
proposed granting Congress authority to tax
96. Joseph
Brant: Mohawk Chief who, in alliance with the Seneca, helped loyalists and
British troops raid patriot villages on the Pennsylvania and New York frontier
97.
Surrender of Charles Town: taken by Cornwallis from Benjamin Lincoln
and his five thousand Continentals in May 1780- single greatest surrender of
the war
98. Charles
Cornwallis: Lord, took Charles town
99.Bannister
Tarelton: Loyalist who had marauder loyalists under him, chased about 350
patriots toward North Carolina border summer 1780
100. The "swamp fox": Francis
Marion in fall of 1780 recruited hundreds of patriot backcountry settlers from
remote areas--with Greene
101.
Nathanael Greene: General Nathanael Greene under George Washington who
entered South Carolina by land with a small number of
continentals in October 1780
102. Daniel
Morgan: patriot who Greene sent three hundred rifleman men with, along with
marion
103. Cowpens:
South Carolina, Morgan met Tarleton on January 17,1781, morgan decimated Tarletons in an armed cavalry of a
bewildering array of choreographed moves
104. Battle of Guilford Courthouse: March 15, 1781 Cornwallis held ground against Greene's combined
forces, but shallow victory, troops exhausted
105. Yorktown: Clinton still held NYC after the siege at Yorktown, he resigned in Nov. 1781 and King
George recognized American independence in March 1782
106. Rochambeau:
107. Admiral De Grasse:
108. Treaty of Paris: 1782, recognized US to be free and
Sovereign and independent States, Canada remained British, but US extended
to the Mississippi
109. Newburgh Conspiracy – January 1783, group of prominent officers petitioned Congress to commute their pensions into a single payment of five years’ full pay, George Washington had to calm troops and they agreed not to take action
110. Gradual emancipation – Pennsylvania (1780), Connecticut, Rhode Island , New York (1799), New Jersey (1804), allowed slaves all offspring of slaves could claim freedom at certain ages
111. Manumission – individual masters could manumit slaves beginning in 1782, and by 1810 about 1/5 of Maryland’s slaves had been freed
112. Elizabeth Freeman – Massachusetts former slave who sued her master for her freedom in 1781, she won and became a domestic servant earning wages
113. NJ constitution – last northern state to grant gradual emancipation in 1804
114. Judith Sargent Murray –insisted women “should be taught to depend on their own efforts, for the procurement of an establishment in life”
115. The Republican Motherhood –1780’s idealized qualities based on the idea that women were morally superior to men and equipped with a better facility with reading and writing--equipped women to be “republican wives” and “republican mothers” who gained higher stature within middle class and elite families, and bore moral responsibility to nurture husbands and sons in these qualities
116. VA statute for Religious Freedom -
117. Post-war economic slump
118. Debtors vs. creditors -
119. Shay’s Rebellion –Farmers protested high taxesJanuary 25, 1787 Shays marched 1500 men toward Springfield to capture its 450 tons of military stores, state milita opened heavy artillery fire, state legislature passed the Riot Act
120. Land Ordinance – 1784 – Jefferson drafted to divide West into ten territories and to guarantee settlers self rule, also provided that a territory that had achieved a population equal to the smallest of the revolutionary states could become a state---congress defeated this plan
121. Northwest Ordinance -1785, provided for land surveys to divide land into townships of 36 sections, $1 per acre, this gave Congress sorely needed revenues and attracted small farm families, Northwest Ordinance 1785 modified in 1787 to divide the area into three to five territories, give a structured government, and prohibit slavery in these new lands
122. 2nd Treaty of Fort Stanwix -
123. Right of deposit
124. Annapolis Convention - 1786, delegates from four mid Atlantic states and Virginia arrived and New Yorker ALexander Hamilton immediately presented a report on international trade
125. Philadelphia Convention –mid May, mid September 1787, Washington presided, most delegates came to revise articles, but some leaders were determined to achieve more far reaching changes in the structure and functioning of the American republic.
126. James Madison –spoke at convention, recorded speeches, drafted an initial plan that proposed Virginia Plan
127. Virginia Plan - a strong national government with one central consolidated authority over the aggregate interests of the community, bicameral legislature with representation in both house apportioned according to population, congress would veto state laws that contradict national ones, but could not tax citizens or regulate trade
128. New Jersey Plan –proposed by William Patterson of New Jersey, this alternative would preserve existing Confederation structure; grant new authority to tax domestic trade, domestic goods, regulate commerce. Most importantly, each state would have one vote in a unicameral Congress, which would guard against influence by populous states, VA, PA, Mass.
129. Great Compromise –July 12 proposed by Roger Sherman of Connecticut, accepted proportional representation for the lower house of Congress, but gave each state equal representation in the upper house, terms of office shortened to two y6ears for house of reps, six years for senate, four years for the executive, established electoral college and federalism
130. electoral college - electoral college composed of all reps and senators,
131. Necessary and proper clause – Article 1, sections 8&10, available for Congress’s use in cases convention delegates could not foresee or immediately decide one, provoked many disputes in years to come
132. 3/5 compromise –representation in the lower house of Congress would be determined by each state’s free population plus three fifths of all other persons, namely slaves
133. Slave Trade Compromise - southerners won guarantee that for the next twenty years, the slave trade would continue with the inclusion of the words “the migration or importation of such persons as any of the states now existing shall think proper to admit.”
134. Federalism -the sharing of power between the states and central government
135. Separation of Powers -
136. Checks and Balances
137. Ratification process – Delaware, Pennsylvania, and NJ ratified Constitution in December 1787, Georgia and Connecticut followed in Jan 1788, Massachusetts at 6th after deep controversy, Maryland and SC with strong majority, June 21 New Hampshire very slimly, New York and New Jersey secured with 10 votes margin, NC ratified 1789, Rhode Island 1790
138. Federalists –supporters of the constitution, claimed argued that government should have significant degree of power over the lives of Americans because local governments succumbed to mischief of petty interests that refused to compromise for the greater good
139. Anti-federalists –opponents to the Constitution, argued for wide dispersal of power, George Clinton and Patrick Henry, to them republican rhetoric taught Americans that selfish interests of men in political power easily corrupted governments, warned against monied interests and distant authority that would be created by Constitution
140. The Federalist –series of federalist path breaking essays by Madison, Hamilton and Jay, defended central measures in the Constitution and depicted a bold new vision of federal power and government structure
141. The Federalist no. 10 –took its starting point a widely shared republican idea that political factions or parties were wrong because they represented only partial interests, however they would inevitably rise in any republic, furthermore people should not put public virtue first, but serve their self interests, above all else, and they would not seek to destroy but to regulate these interests, bold departure from the traditional belief that governments and economies could survive only if they remained small
142. Bill of Rights – special provisions to protect individual rights and popular sovereignty, pressured by ant federalists, June 1789 Congress considered Madison’s list and in 1791 approved—prohibited government from establishing religion, guaranteed freedom of speech, press, assembly, petition, quartering, un reasonable searches, etc.
143. George Washington’s precedents -
144. Judiciary Act of 1789 –established a six justice Supreme Court, thirteen district courts, and three circuit courts that would hear cases appealed from the states
145. Chisolm v. Georgia